Friday, January 24, 2020

Scarlet letter chapter 5 Essay example -- essays research papers

Chapter Five: Hester at Her Needle Summary Hester is released from prison and finds a cottage in the woods, near the outskirts of the city, to set up her new life. Hawthorne comments on the fact that she does not avail herself of the opportunity to escape to a new life without shame in some other city. He remarks that often people are irresistibly drawn to live near the place where a great has occurred. He further comments that even if that is not the reason, Hester may have been inclined to remain in Boston because her secret lover still lived there. Hester's skill at needlework, earlier shown in the fine way that she displayed the scarlet letter, allows her to maintain a fairly stable lifestyle. However, her reputation as an outcast and loner causes a certain aura to be cast around her. Thus, Hawthorne points out that young children often crept up to her house to spy on her while she worked. He also comments that in spite of her excellent needlework, she was never called upon to make a bridal gown due to her reputation. Hester spends her time working on the projects which bring in her income, and devotes the remainder of her work to creating garments for the poor. She lives simply with the sole exception being that she creates amazing dresses of fine fabrics for Pearl. Hester's social life is virtually eliminated as a result of her shameful history. She is treated so poorly that often preachers will stop in the street and start to deliver a lecture as she walks by. Hester also begins to hate children, who unconsciously realize there is something different about her and thus start to follow her with "shrill cries" through the city streets. One of the things which Hester starts to notice is that every once in a while she receives a sympathetic glance, and feels like she has a companion in her sin. Hawthorne puts it, "it gave her a sympathetic knowledge of the hidden sin in other hearts." This is interesting because many of the people Hawthorne accuses of hypocrisy as regards the scarlet letter are, "a venerable minister or magistrate," people who are viewed as models of "piety and justice." Analysis The fact that Hester stays in Boston is likely due to the fact that she is too ashamed to go anywhere else. With the humiliation of receiving the scarlet letter, her tenacity and will-power are destroyed, causing her ... ...nister for support, and makes the other men aware that Dimmesdale knows Hester better than they thought. Dimmesdale steps forward with his hand over his heart, again hiding the scarlet letter which he feels upon his breast. This also ties back to Chillingworth's comment that he will recognize Pearl's true father by "reading" his heart. Dimmesdale then correctly compares Pearl to the scarlet letter upon her mother's bosom, and manages to keep the mother and daughter together. Pearl's response is unique at this juncture, in that she takes the minister's hand and places her cheek against it. This simple gesture is full of meaning, because it implies that Pearl recognizes Dimmesdale as being connected to her. Dimmesdale responds by kissing her on the forehead, in a sense claiming her as his own child. The scene in which Mistress Higgins invites Hester into the woods to meet the Black Man is important. It largely acts to foreshadow events, but also serves to make a statement about the woods. The forest is the wilderness around Boston, and thus is an amoral backdrop. Thus, when Hester meets with Dimmesdale later in the story, the meeting will also take place in the forest.

Thursday, January 16, 2020

Evaluation of the Endosymbiosis Theory

Evaluation of the Evidence The modern version of the endosymbiosis hypothesis was developed and promoted by Dr. Lynn Margulis in 1970. The term endosymbiosis comes from â€Å"endo† meaning â€Å"within,† and symbiosis which occurs when two different species benefit from living and working together (Genetic Science Learning Center). This theory proposes that the organelles of eukaryotic cells, specifically the mitochondria and chloroplasts, were once free-floating bacteria that were ingested by larger, prokaryotic bacteria by means of endocytosis.The host bacteria benefitted from the engulfment of the organelles as they were able to carry out functions, such as cellular respiration, more efficiently than the host itself could. Therefore, the free-living bacteria were not digested, and consequently over time their DNA was combined with the host bacterial cell’s DNA to eventually develop a new form of cells called eukaryotes.One of the most eminent pieces of evidenc e that supports the hypothesis is that although prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are quite distinctive in physiological characteristics, some of the organelles of eukaryotes share a number of staggering similarities with prokaryotes. Like prokaryotes, the mitochondrion and chloroplast both replicate through means of binary fission, unlike the eukaryotic cells that contain them, which undergo mitosis.Moreover, prokaryotes and the abovementioned eukaryotic organelles have circular DNA, whereas eukaryotes have linear DNA. The size of the DNA is also a factor in the theory as the prokaryotic DNA and the DNA of the organelles is similar in size, and much smaller than that of eukaryotic cells. The dissimilarities between the physical characteristics of the DNA in the eukaryotic nucleus and the DNA in the organelles lead to the impression that the organelles were once bacterial (prokaryotic) symbionts (IUPUI Department of Biology).However, since the DNA in the nucleus and the organel les replicate independently of each other, there is the possibility that random mutations may have occurred, thus causing the discrepancies in the DNA over a certain period of time. Therefore, this evidence is not conclusive proof that the organelles are possible descendants of ancestral bacteria. Additionally, chloroplasts and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane. This provides further evidence to the endosymbiosis theory because it suggests that these organelles were ingested by a primitive host (Genetic Science Learning Center).To explain this circumstance, the host cell ingests the bacterium through phagocytosis – a form of endocytosis – which results in an additional lipid bilayer formed by the vesicle membrane, in addition to the bacterium’s inner plasma membrane (IUPUI Department of Biology). There is no other known cause as to why these organelles have double membranes, other than the widely-accepted endosymbiotic theory. In the field of scie nce, a theory is a well-established explanation based on extensive experimentation and observation, and is generally accepted as fact by the scientific community (Genetic Science Learning Center).Although some of the evidence provided in support of the endosymbiosis hypothesis is not irrefutable, there is more evidence is support of the theory, than there is against it. Therefore, in my opinion, the amount of research put into this topic over the years and the various evidences that have been unearthed in support of it, as well as the lack of proof against it, lead me to accepting this theory as conclusive. However, I also want to note that research is always being done, and in the near future it is possible that scientists may propose new, improved theories.REFERENCES Genetic Science Learning Center (1969, December 31). The Evolution of the Cell. Retrieved on October 8, 2012 from http://learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/begin/cells/organelles/ IUPUI Department of Biology (2002, Ja nuary 14). The Endosymbiotic Theory. Retrieved on October 8, 2012 from http://www. biology. iupui. edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb. html Caprette, D. R. (2008). Evolutionary Origin of Mitochondria. Retrieved on October 8, 2012 from http://www. ruf. rice. edu/~bioslabs/studies/mitochondria/mitorigin. html

Wednesday, January 8, 2020

The American Civil War By Robert G. Tanner - 882 Words

When one thinks about the American Civil War, the question at hand begs attention: what could the Confederacy have done to win the war? Ideally, according to Robert G. Tanner in his book Retreat to Victory? the idea of the Confederacy wining the war by a different means might be impossible to answer. That being said, Tanner emphasizes how the strategy commonly referred to as Fabian would not be a prosperous endeavor for the Confederacy due to the southern geography, people and through the Confederacy’s generals. The points presented in Tanner’s book deserve recognition on the basis that the author’s thesis is addressing a hypothetical supposition. However, the thesis here is unconventional, as Tanner doesn’t introduce any innovative ideas, rather asserting how other historians’ bases are false. Throughout his book, Tanner addresses a major problem of the Confederacy: how did the Confederate States of America lose the war, and, if possible, how might victory have been achieved? Tanner submits that something known as a Fabian strategy cannot be attributed to how the Confederacy might have won the war because of how this strategy exhausted popular support for the war. Before beginning, it might be prudent to explain what Fabian warfare is and to what benefit could it have done to the Confederacy. Ranging back to the Second Punic Wars, the Roman commander Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus instituted a policy of avoiding battle rather than be lured into a direct clash,Show MoreRelatedThe American Civil War By Robert G. Tanner810 Words   |  4 Pagesone thinks about the American Civil War that waged from 1861-1864, the question at hand begs to be asked: what could the Confederacy have done to win the war? Ideally, according to Robert G. Tanner in his book Retreat to Victory? the idea that the south might have won the war had it used a different strategy might be impossible to answer. That being said, Tanner argues that amongst ma ny theories that have developed over what the Confederacy could have done to win the Civil War, the strategy commonlyRead MoreUtilitarianism And Deontological Ethics : Utilitarianism3422 Words   |  14 Pages UTILITARIANISM AND DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS 13 Utilitarianism and Deontological Ethics Christopher Kearney Student ID 4697583 American Public University System (AMU) Dr. Robert Watkins September 21,2017 Abstract Usefulness and duty are two of the primary drivers that cause people to take action or not. Usefulness of an action means that the society receives the greatest amount of benefits from the action (or actions) of an individual(s). On the otherRead MoreOpinions on the Civil War3465 Words   |  14 PagesTHE CIVIL WAR. The northern and southern parts of the Unites States of America were politically, economically and culturally very different from one another. 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Washington, DC 20001 Read MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagesmanagement’, indeed driven by it to some extent, there has been a general expectation that what management wants it ought to get, regardless of the consequences (â€Å"management’s right to manage†). ‘The organisation’ is conceived as being in a state of war with its competitors (and the environment generally) - hence the exhortations to achieve ‘competitive advantage’ or ‘competitive edge’, the pressure to focus on ‘aims’ and ‘objectives’, to mount ‘strategic offensives’, and so on. The stakes are, withinRead MoreTransforming Total Sales into Net Profits51271 Words   |  206 PagesViable Vision, the author wonderfully presents proven tools with actual business cases that when applied will identify the invalid assumptions preventing our organizations from clearly seeing the significant opportu nities that lay before us.† —Paul G. Waring, Jr., Corporate Controller Williamson-Dickie Manufacturing Company â€Å"Elements of the Theory of Constraints have been very successfully utilized to generate sustainable improvements over the last decade. Viable Vision: Transforming Total Sales